All posts by cs

ACA – History and Times

Early Days

Atlantic Coast Airlines(DH) has split from its original holding company in Fresno and from the route map archived below you can see that the fleet still wears the first generation UEX livery. New is the De Havilland Dash 8 and BAe Jetstream 41 to fulfill expansion opportunities afforded by marketing partner United Airlines.

Atlantic Coast Airlines Route Map – in full resolution here

The Dash 8 aircraft (and pilots) were transferred from United’s storied Air Wisconsin Airlines(DX) affiliate and with them came baggage.

Air Wisconsin another United code-share, as the story goes, had used precious CASH to acquire its fleet of British Aerospace ATPs and with an economic downturn had become strapped for operating capital. United stepped in and acquired the company. Far from being a rescue United was most keen on retaining [DX] Chicago O’Hare gates, the crown jewel. Air Wisconsin’s BAe 146-300 jet fleet was promptly spun off and the other half of that group (Dash 8 fleet) divested, came to ACA.

Welcome to ACA. Troubled, disgruntled and militant flight crews having felt that they’d been hosed and not happy to have involuntarily landed at Atlantic Coast. Also this aircraft type was not a complimentary fit. It was very expensive to operate and redundant against the also complex EMB-120 on property.

In short order ACA was in financial stress and was about to miss payroll. British Aerospace with deep pockets appeared in the hour of need. By shotgun, BAe would take both the De Havilland and Brasilia fleets in disposal trade while ACA would submit to becoming the USA launch customer for their new BAe Jetstream 4100 aircraft. The leasing and capital infusion setup was a life line.

Mid-Life

In 1997, a crisis of sorts: Atlantic Airlines wanted to rid itself of the unloved obsolete prop-planes to fly the latest in the new to the industry 50 passenger seat jets.

Costs spread across 19 and 29 seat aircraft were increasingly disadvantageous. Regional Jets from Bombardier and Embraer where coming online and code-share managements were convinced that passengers would readily adopt them and buy flight tickets. One problem; the pilots at United Airlines were deadest against and union contracts gave them leverage to put the brakes on. Regional pilots had zero say. The UAL pilots were (rightfully) concerned about agency and they saw these smaller jets as the proverbial camel’s nose under the tent. Eventually concessions would take place but even so it wasn’t cart blanche for the regional partners.

Anxious with anticipation and perhaps to pressure United, ACA jumped the gun went forward anyway and placed an order for 52 jets. A green light from United was not immediate. Nevertheless delivered aircraft arrived with the early ones painted in an ACA color scheme – not United’s — as if ACA was determined to operate the planes regardless.

The original White fuselages had dk. blue underbelly. Clever really, all they had to do was respray the top half.

The new jets were not sidelined for long. With alleviated discord, these aircraft were repainted with the United Express logo and everyone carried on. At the end of the day Atlantic Coast Airlines would operate 87 RJs, an all jet fleet system wide, but in hindsight; Oh the passengers… These small jets too were seen as cramped and uncomfortable. Like the propeller driven craft that they replaced they were only tolerated. Most preferred flying the mainline jets.

Final Hours

Following the September 11 attack and economic downturn UAL was facing financial struggles. All of ACA income was dependent upon the health and welfare of its parent. There wasn’t much hand-wringing circa 2002 about United’s fate. Everyone understood the bankruptcy process to be requisite formality from which United would emerge whole. In fact, when the ACA team confidently went forth to renegotiate their revenue agreement they fully anticipated to be handed a better deal i.e. more mainline flying route discards.

Regional carriers operate under capacity purchase agreements, where United paid fixed and performance-based fees and covered costs like fuel and landing fees, while managing sales pricing, revenue, and loyalty programs.

This did not happen. United bluntly dashed their high hopes and sent them home for reflection. United wasn’t doing direct negotiations. This was turned over to a faceless 3rd party hired solely to cut costs to the bone. Fees being paid to regional feeders would be severely curtailed.

With diligence ACA leadership came to the realization that United’s new deal would bleed out company profits which would lead to ruin. There was an alternative — divorce. Management’s thinly disguised ambitions eluded to in the deployment of the CRJ program earlier was a clue. With bravado and audacity they believed they could go it alone. ACA had accumulated their multi year profits into a war chest which they would deploy against their former partner. They believed that as a discount airline they could compete on United’s turf.

Such a plan would be a risky enterprise. The rank and file thought it suicidal but a plan was hatched. Atlantic Coast Airline dba United Express gave notice. The legacy and logo would be cast away and the company re-invented fittingly rebranded as Independence Air.

Disclaimer

Historical Route Map

WestAir Commuter Airlines (1979) expanded rapidly to provide connecting passenger feed to United Airlines on both coasts as of the year 1991. By then WestAir Airlines dba United Express was part of parent company, WestAir Holdings, Inc.

full resolution scan is here

The East Coast division was spun off to a newly formed company, Ed Acker‘s Atlantic Coast Airlnes dba United Express. At dissolution Employee Associates who had been domiciled on the East were offered a one time opportunity to come home.

Those who elected to return to West Coast would be out of luck for WestAir was to become part of the ambitious Mesa Air Group before then losing their United Express contract all together. Atlantic Coast continued to prosper in the subsequent years, offering stable employment but that’s another story.

full resolution scan is here

Load factors were not sustainable, reference the ASMs in the chart. This was a good thing for the relative comfort of those onboard but unfortunate for the company’s bottom line which contrast with the always packed flights of today.

Those were exciting times. From humble beginnings in Cessna 402’s and Britten-Norman Trislander’s primarily in California only to 37 cities in six western states and 28 cities in eleven eastern states, WestAir operated a national route system (their words).

Disclaimer

From Empire to Rebellion

So long iOS

My first smartphone was the original iPhone 2G acquired at its debut in 2007. Six or so iterations hence, but who’s counting, I have been a loyal fan of the product. Every several generations, when a replacement was called for, I couldn’t help but glance over at the competition but that is as far as it ever went. In short order my family unit was seemingly locked into the Apple ecosystem, seduced by unlimited call minutes between us or by their excellent but proprietary video calling and messaging features. To change over would have meant upheaval and never gained any traction. My interest was mostly curiosity. And now, boxed to act through bluster I’ve jumped ship.

caveat: I did have a jailbreak fling with an iPhone 3 way back when and mostly for the street cred. It was an intriguing excursion, a preview peek at what I am buying into present day.

We shall see what I’ve been missing all along and report on what has been sacrificed. It will be a learning curve to get up to speed with Android OS; I am a complete newbie. {I tried watching a ramshackle YouTube presenting Samsung Galaxy “tips and tricks” but couldn’t keep up) Apple has always provided a smooth, elegant, and dependable interface and my expectation is that I will be losing standardization for the less polished but greater freedom of configuration and personalization albeit with added complexity.

Preliminary Report

I don’t have the new hardware within my grasp as it will take a few days to arrive but that’s okay; I want to get a head start. My first question is: Does the new phone come with a charger? and no they do not, so best get that ordered straight away. I’m glad I asked because the Samsung commerce site, perhaps out of chagrin, doesn’t make it crystal that a charger nor cable is part of the package. (In fairness, Apple no longer includes them either) They do display a lengthy list of optional accessory extras which include charging solutions and you should take that as a hint.

Samsung’s Galaxy S25 can handle up to 45W for charging speed but the cable must support it. Whereas iPhone used a lightning connector cable made to Apple only specification and dead nuts simple, my new hardware uses USB-C end to end. I have one or two of these acquired over time but found out that they can differ in spec. Specifically, to take advantage of the power the cable must be rated at 5A. A 3 amp cable at 9V could only deliver 27W max. Further more some chargers having a Programmable Power Supply (PPS) or support for USB Power Delivery (PD) requiring USB 3.0 compliant cables for optimal performance.

USB cable research was required. Score one for Apple’s easy to insert plug. Apple’s smaller travel size charging brick for a gentle overnight or a larger size one for immediacy.

Apple was forced to ditch the Lightning Cable for the USB-C standard after pressure from the European Union in 2023. Maximum charging rate for iPhone is 30W currently.

The Old Neighborhood, a Visual

1910 US Federal Census

Our Brody family lived in Ward 2 of Youngstown Ohio, according to the Census and the house number is 36 Hine St. The family had recently arrived from the old country and settled into this space full of hope and promise. Youngstown was an industrial powerhouse in its day.

1915 – Platt Map

Not the grandest of locations, there had to have been great smoke and noise pollution with the major railroad exchange and the Republic iron and Steel Company just 2 blocks over. I can’t imagine that there was any bathing in the Mahoning.

This neighborhood is long gone. In 2025 satellite imagery the transformation is evident. The mill works on river’s edge was decimated as the Great Depression precipitated a Rust Belt. Most of the train tracks and all of the row houses have returned to earth.

The 1920 Federal Census shows the Brody family moving North of it all into new surroundings: 227 Fairgreen Lane. Progression. There Arthur Brody and wife Ida shared a duplex with sister Laura Brody Harrison & Max Harrison adjacent. Anna Brody Robins & Sam Robins lived on the other side of the street (231?) and Jacob Brody & wife Jennie obliquely across at the corner. The street view in 2025 depicts an vacant lot where the house once stood. I’m sure the Brody residence was a near copy of the [green] duplex dwelling in the street view next door to the now empty lot.

Even grander, in 1928 the Arthur Brody family moved to a home of their own up on the hill by a few blocks but still near. From meager beginnings in an industrial zone to a warm happy family enclave they’ve done well.

Eventually, Youngstown, for the offspring, was but a memory as surroundings and new opportunities beckoned as we too can visually imagine some of the memory in Youngstown.

Source: Windows Letters to Ayla by Jean Zipp 2014 pg. 7-8 (Memoir)

Abraham Hellman

The name is all that we had. The only intel passed down from 1st generation to the 2nd was this name and that as Fannie M’s first husband he had sired a child and then shortly thereafter became no longer relevant. The parents had divorced early without scuttlebutt.

We will never know the full back story; for everyone with firsthand knowledge has passed on. Family who with meaningful curiosity that asked about their grandfather were either stymied or didn’t press the issue. All had lived happily thereafter with an adoptive loving father/grandfather but as for Abraham Hellman we, in the moment, want to know more. Genealogically speaking, who was this man, our flesh and blood and what happened to him?

Other than his name, the spelling of which isn’t certain, we can surmise that he was of similar age and background as Fannie. Our Nannie Fann (1900-1986) immigrated from the Russian Empire at the age of 6 with her parents Hyman and Dora Morris and younger sister Rose. They settled in Pittsburgh. Hyman Morris died 3 years hence.

19 JUN 1921 Pittsburgh Press (pg. 59)

Our first recorded discovery is a marriage announcement in the society section. Although a good strong start there are vagaries with the Groom. Mr. & Mrs. H Helman of Pittsburgh doesn’t provide much of an investigative lead and Helman is a spelling variation right off the bat. Not that Hellman is a common name, it isn’t unique in the county area, but apart from the news clipping there are no Helmans (with one L) to be found… a quick end to that course of search.

Hellman, Helman, Hellmann, Helmon — the surname takes several forms. Ultimately we amateur genealogists choose the spelling from consensus of available sources and certificates.

Browsing sources for other potentially promising candidates turns up one Abraham Hellman (1898-1956) with vital statistics that fit the scenario e.g. age and locale, save for the spelling and parents, Mr & Mrs. J Hellman that are contrary to the above narrative. Is the wedding plans snippet grossly inaccurate or are we only hoping that our new Abraham find fits the puzzle. A goose chase. Without further corroborating evidence there is not a definitive connection between Fannie M and this Abraham.

The Pittsburgh Press (pg. 1) 31 JAN 1912

Here is Abraham as a lad on a city streetcar making front page story news. If this is our guy he survived the accident. No linkage here, just a remarkable story.

Follows is another published story further along:

The Pittsburgh Press (pg. 8) 9 JAN 1923

Another unfortunate happening 10 years on, Abraham Hellman and business partner Hyman Greenblatt are insolvent. Their National Grocery Company has failed — 2 years into Nannie’s marriage.

Sadly for family but lucky for we researchers this next bit is discovered. A Deed transfer in the borough of Coraopolis Lot No. 115 in a subdivision and within the same month’s timeframe. It’s clear that the business partners have raised funds to pay creditors.

Allegheny County – 22 JAN 1923

The names are telling. We have now linked Fannie M with Abraham by way of Grantors Hyman and Bessie, and Grantee, Jacob Hellman. Jacob Hellman has received their property for $1 OVC. He happens to be Abrahams father. A shared address will confirm this.

We have ordered received a copy of the original marriage certificate from public records. Depending upon the success and speed of bureaucracy we should soon confirm what we think we have discovered.

The newspaper’s wedding plans announcement has been verified to be incorrect. The surname is Hellman and not Helman. The parents name is Mr. and Mrs. J Hellman and not Mr. and Mrs. H Helman as printed, Jacob being Abraham’s father’s given name.

Abraham declared his [1921] address to be 136 Wooster St. but the [1920] census records place Abraham on 624 Washington St. (They moved) Subsequent City Directories and Census records place Jacob and Clara in that Wooster household too.

Abraham listed his Mother’s name as Ida. However, all other records only speak of Clara. Clara Hellman’s 1946 obituary calls Abraham, her son. It seems as though Chaya –> Ida was a very common name and many times Ida was dropped for a fashionable name (during peak immigration era) like Clara . Mother or Stepmother? There is more work to be done.

Abraham Hellman — ghost no longer, we have background story and previously unknown [to us] great grandparents newly discovered as well.

A Bit of Genealogy Mystery

Norman J Strombotne (1925-1975) was born at home. Grandmother Strom was assisted by a midwife something that is fairly uncommon in today’s world.

In 2021, midwives attended approximately 12% of all births in the United States, according to data from the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). This figure reflects a growing trend in midwife-attended births in recent years, with the majority occurring in hospital settings, though some take place in homes or birth centers. For earlier context, a 2009 study noted that midwives delivered 8.1% of U.S. babies, with 12.1% of vaginal births attended by midwives. State variations are significant, with New Mexico reporting the highest rate in 2009 at 24% of all births.

Original Certificate

Also unusual is Norman’s middle name with the initials J. A. S. — The above form field wasn’t long enough to spell it out.

Middle names were sometimes used to honor additional relatives. For example, a child might be named Jens Peter Hansen to honor both a grandfather (Jens) and another relative (Peter).

Might “J” stand for Johan (Johan Jacob Christophersen – paternal Grandfather) and “A” pay ohmage to Axel (Axel August Randrup – maternal Grandfather) I am at a loss for the letter “S” unless the recorder misunderstood and it was meant to be S as the first initial of the surname.

Compounding the perplexity is the following, an amended certificate in 1943.

Revision 2 (note the corrected spelling for Else)

Norman’s middle name is changed. Who chose it and why? As to the when, the timing coincided with WW II. Norman had become of age (18) and in the 2 months following this fresh document he readily signed up with the Army Air Force to fulfil his service to country. Had the Draft Board balked at the middle name – initials J.A.S.? Too unusual? Wouldn’t fit the government form?

Grandmother Strom by then living in Cheyenne, Wyoming must have gone through some degree of effort to effect this change considering that El Paso, Texas was long in the past and far away. Looks to me that the request came at Norman’s behest. She has highlighted the new middle name “Jay” with a by-hand bold underline as if to say here you go dear, done!

This Old House

photo circa 1924

Grandfather Strom (1890-1945) in El Paso, Texas. Uncle Norman was born in this house on 3119 Memphis St. in 1925. Also pictured is Chris Erik and younger sibling Henrik Walter (foreground). A hand written caption on the original photograph says: First Sunday in New Home.

The house still stands.

3119 Memphis Ave. circa 2022

100 years have elapsed. The green grass has withered. Plaster has been added here and there and the porch roof has been altered. An aesthetic enhancement? or perhaps the original design did not have enough slope and the structure was susceptible to water intrusion.

1,207 sq ft and 1 bath, Zillow proclaims “Built in 1930” but we know something they don’t know 😉

The Power of the Pen

Deviation from the norm occurs for a variety of reasons. Occasionally, the trigger is a mechanical failure or some external happenstance but in many cases it’s human factors like mistakes made or error of judgement in which case your immediate supervisor may want an accounting of your level of participation and your actions. Usually there are controls in place to document the screw up off chance snafu.

Does anybody else know about it?

Most likely people do and thus the written report!

Best practices: Refrain from filling a report while you might be hot under the collar. It won’t read well with your superior and your demeanor will be of note. It’s okay to jot down details or make a draft while events are fresh in your mind but wait until the next day when you are cool calm and collected before submitting a final revision.

To reduce the chances of self incrimination provide the facts short and on point. A lengthy story might reveal too much. Keep it concise. An incident report main purpose typically is to satisfy some bureaucratic need for documentation. Don’t raise questions that might not be asked.

Your report should not place blame or cast dispersion unnecessarily. There may be repercussions if you throw somebody under the bus.

polite and civil …
Narrative Summary of Event: Nearing the RWY for departure we received an Ops ACARS msg that ramp reported an access panel left open. Ground control cleared us to leave the (long)line for T.O. and hold in the RWY runup block. Ramp personnel arrived via xxx passenger van and requested that we shut down engine #2. The ramper determined that the open access panel was too high to reach. This flight crew then realized that they were focused on the Outflow Valve Door, which is always open during ground operations. The confusion cleared up we rejoined the line and departed. As flight crew we appreciate that the ground crew is observant for potential safety issues but would ask that they review this particular normal configuration so as to avoid a repeat mistake. The loss of position in the sequence delayed our flight 30 minutes.
CYA …
 Narrative Summary of Event: Enroute, the FA reported a disruptive passenger (Seat 4C) to us via interphone. My read was that the passenger was upset over something was neither abusive nor threatening but had lost his temper. The FA did not consider this passenger to be a [TSA] threat level. We radioed ops to request a Customer Service Supervisor (who showed briefly with our code-25 release and then disappeared?!) be present during our arrival deplaning. The passenger requested a minute for a word with the flight crew at flights end and I was able to connect the individual with an Inflight Supervisor planeside. Witnesses from the flight offered that they thought that the disruptive passenger had been a "jerk" and attempted to console / re-assure our FA. My interest in this was to insure that there was no escalation. The inflight supervisor listened to his complaint and was able to placate and diffuse the situation.
sometimes it just can’t be …
Narrative Summary of Event: Informed by FA, Xxxx Xxxxxxxx, via interphone that a PCFA onboard our flight had misplaced their purse and that their weapon was carried in that purse. I instructed Xxxx to notify the other PCFA onboard of the situation. Xxxx called back less than 3-4 minutes later to inform me that the purse (and weapon) had been located and secured safely. Dispatch notified of the event enroute.

This sampling took place 20 years ago with identification redacted for the privacy of the guilty or the innocent. You might notice the narratives highlight the ability of words to persuade, inform, or affect outcomes but mostly it’s just routine paperwork and nothing comes of it. In any case tone is set by the power of the pen.

No one’s career was harmed but as for the hapless PCFA, one can only imagine.

Digitization Exposing Obscurity

Amazingly, a small tidbit of fact revealed much. The information had been in print since 1935 but the hardcopy didn’t circulate because firstly one needs to know that it exists, knows where it is to be found and ultimately, cares to go to the effort to physically access it. The dusty old archive of interest is an inter-office directory that was recently unearthed digitally absolving the barriers of access problem.

Marcella (1915-1945) is family and a person of mystery. People that might have been close to her are long gone and there is no one to recollect. Trying to piece her life experience together is a tough ask. From casual genealogy investigation it is known that she was born in a very small town but not how she managed to strike out on her own.

Speaking to the exposed document; It is fortunate that the family surname happens to be unique and distinct. Being uncommon it is an unfiltered search. Even still, blanket browsing the Archive.org turns up 800+ hits mostly from family that were/are published. Ignoring the obvious exposed an office telephone directory of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) revised August 1, 1935 wherein Marcella’s name is listed. The entry field on page 90 shows a telephone extension and her office address. A sublevel peek was required to learn about the abbreviations from the snippet.

R. & B. Audit translates to: Rental and Benefit Audit Section Office of the Comptroller Division of Finance. In the context of her job description with the AAA, this role would involve auditing financial records and budget allocations, ensuring proper documentation and compliance with the agency’s subsidy programs and administrative expenditures.

AAA was a New Deal agency established in 1933 under the U.S. Department of Agriculture to address the agricultural crisis during the Great Depression. Its primary goal was to stabilize farm prices and incomes by reducing agricultural surpluses, which were driving down prices. The AAA paid farmers subsidies to reduce production of certain crops and livestock, aiming to balance supply and demand. It was part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s broader efforts to revive the economy. The agency faced legal challenges, notably being declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1936 (United States v. Butler), but its core ideas were rescued in later legislation like the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938.

O. P. O. from the descriptive line refers to Old Post Office building in Washington, DC

National Photo Company Collection Link

The Old Post Office building still stands today. Located at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, it was constructed between 1892 and 1899 and served as the main post office for Washington, DC, until 1914. After that, it housed various federal offices, including those of the AAA in the 1930s. The building faced demolition threats in the 1970s but was preserved due to public outcry and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It underwent renovations and was repurposed over the years, most recently operating as the Waldorf Astoria Washington DC hotel since 2022, though the clock tower remains accessible to the public and is managed by the National Park Service for visitors to enjoy views from its observation deck.

Marcella appears to be a Local Girl Makes Good story with a very solid career move. Revealing, but now creating more questions than answers. Imagine transplanting from small town life in Watertown, South Dakota to a Megalopolis. What facilitated the move? Did Marcella get on?

What happened next? To complete that picture, we will have to continue mining digital records like the one obscured in plain sight, having greater understanding along the way.

Going Back in Time

I managed to revisit a fun game for the PC that I had managed to hang on to for all of these years called MYST. Released in 1993, my original copy was dated 1994. Today, 30 years later I unboxed this classic puzzle solver.

The first puzzle was in physically installing the dusted off software. This was one of the first games to be released on CD ROM; cutting edge tech back then. Like so many formats now obsolete one might be hard pressed to find a PC that comes with an optical drive.

Hint: 5 1/4″ floppy, 3.5″ disk, CDs, DVDs, vinyl records, 8-track, compact cassette, BetaMax, VHS -mostly gone. External (portable USB) drives are still out there (for now)

With a USB optical drive on hand for such an eventuality; the 2nd puzzle: Windows 11 OS won’t read the media. Windows Explorer allowed me to view directory structure but these folders were seemingly empty. No files listed. How to load the game? It’s locked. Trapped in the Modern Age.

Hint – The game was created for Windows 3.1. Spoiler – software of the era was coded for 16- bit processors. This requires and emulator to run or a VM such as Scumm.

Barely into the gameplay and next puzzle; the graphics are pixelated. This was one of the first pre cinematic artful immersion experiences. At least the audio was working and true to form.

Cheat: Modern 4k display screen are overkill. CRT monitors (obsolete) used resolutions of 640×480 and 256 colors. For the impatient, the solution is to download the latest MYST release from Steam for no waiting. The game play is largely the same and the graphics are enhanced but $$. Spoiler: the latest and greatest has been re-coded to use the Unreal Engine which was well suited for first person shooters however you may find it off-putting. Motion sickness sets in after 30 minutes if you are susceptible.

Gosh, all of these puzzles and I haven’t gotten into the game yet! Thank goodness for hints, spoilers, and walkthroughs. Wanting the original experience (and because $$) I stuck it out with the 1993 puzzle. Obstacles and hurdles solved it was an authentic trip to the linking books of MYST Ages — and like going back home again.